What licenses do I need to start a plumbing business?

Nearly every state requires a plumbing license to work independently. Most states have a two-tier system: a journeyman license (typically requiring 4-5 years of apprenticeship under a licensed plumber and passing a trade exam) and a master plumber license (requiring additional years of experience beyond journeyman and a more comprehensive exam). In most states, only a master plumber can pull permits and operate a plumbing business, while journeymen must work under a master. Beyond the trade license, you will need a general business license from your city or county, and many states require plumbing contractors to post a surety bond ($5,000-$25,000) and carry minimum insurance coverage. Some jurisdictions also require separate licenses for gas fitting, backflow testing, or medical gas piping. Check your state plumbing board website for the exact requirements before investing in equipment.

How much can a plumbing business owner earn in the first year?

A solo plumber focusing on residential service and repair can realistically generate $100,000-$200,000 in gross revenue in the first year, with take-home profit of 40-55% after expenses. Plumbing consistently ranks among the highest-earning trades because of the skill barrier to entry and constant demand. Average service call ticket values range from $200-$500 for repairs, $800-$2,500 for water heater replacements, and $3,000-$15,000 for repiping or sewer line work. Emergency and after-hours calls command premium rates of $150-$300 per hour. A small shop with two to three plumbers can reach $400,000-$800,000 in annual revenue within two to three years, though profit margins typically drop to 15-25% once you account for payroll, insurance, vehicle costs, and overhead. The key to strong first-year earnings is building a base of repeat customers and maintenance agreements early.

What is the most important equipment to buy first?

Start with the tools you will use on every single call: a quality set of pipe wrenches (14-inch and 18-inch), channel-lock pliers in three sizes, a basin wrench, copper tube cutters, PVC cutters, a cordless drill and impact driver, a reciprocating saw, torpedo level, tape measure, and a basic soldering kit with lead-free solder and flux. A handheld drain auger ($50-$150) covers basic drain calls immediately. Your next priority purchases should be a mid-range drain cleaning machine ($500-$2,000) to handle tougher clogs, and PEX crimp or expansion tools if you do any repipe or new-construction work. Hold off on expensive specialty equipment like sewer cameras ($1,500-$10,000), press tools ($1,200-$5,500), and threading machines ($800-$6,000) until you have consistent revenue coming in and can justify the investment through the jobs they enable. Many plumbers rent specialty equipment for the first year to preserve cash flow.

Should I focus on residential or commercial plumbing?

For most new plumbing businesses, residential service and repair is the fastest path to revenue. Residential work has lower startup costs (no threading machine or commercial-grade equipment needed), shorter sales cycles (homeowners call and you show up), and higher margins on smaller jobs. The average residential service call has a 40-60% profit margin once you are established. Commercial plumbing offers larger contract values but requires more capital, longer payment cycles (net 30-90 days is standard), competitive bidding, and often additional certifications and insurance coverage. Many successful plumbing companies start with residential service to build cash flow and a reputation, then add commercial work once they have the capital and team to handle bigger projects. The hybrid approach of residential service plus light commercial (restaurants, small offices, property management companies) offers the best balance of steady income and growth potential.

How do I get my first plumbing customers?

The fastest lead source for a new plumbing business is Google Local Services Ads, which places your business at the top of search results with a Google Guaranteed badge and charges per lead rather than per click. Set up your Google Business Profile on day one and start collecting reviews from every customer, since reviews are the single biggest factor in local search rankings for plumbers. Register on Yelp, Angi, Thumbtack, and Nextdoor, which many homeowners use to find plumbers. Build relationships with real estate agents, property managers, and home inspectors who need reliable plumbers on speed dial for their transactions and tenants. Leave business cards at plumbing supply houses (other tradespeople refer plumbers constantly) and post in local community Facebook groups. After-hours and weekend availability gives new plumbing businesses a major edge over established companies that close at 5 PM. Once you have 15-20 happy customers, word-of-mouth referrals and repeat business will become your most profitable lead source.

What insurance does a plumbing business need?

At minimum, you need general liability insurance ($800-$4,000/year) and commercial auto insurance ($1,500-$4,000/year) before taking your first service call. General liability is especially critical for plumbers because water damage claims are common and expensive; a burst pipe or failed connection in a customer's home can cause tens of thousands of dollars in damage to floors, walls, and personal property. Almost every customer and all commercial clients will ask for proof of insurance before hiring you. Workers compensation insurance ($3,000-$8,000/year) becomes legally required in most states the moment you hire your first employee, and plumbing carries moderate-to-high comp rates due to risks from heavy lifting, working in confined spaces like crawl spaces, and trenching for sewer lines. Tools and equipment insurance (inland marine policy, $300-$1,200/year) is strongly recommended since your van likely carries $10,000-$30,000 worth of tools that are prime targets for theft. Some states also require a surety bond, which functions as a form of consumer protection insurance.

Home / Plumbing Business Startup Costs

How Much Does It Cost to Start a Plumbing Business?

$10,000 – $150,000

Starting a plumbing business can range from $10,000 for a solo residential plumber with basic hand tools to $150,000+ for a fully staffed commercial operation with camera inspection equipment, drain machines, and multiple service vehicles. The largest cost variables are licensing and bonding requirements (which vary dramatically by state), vehicle investment, specialized equipment like sewer cameras and hydro-jetters, and whether you plan to handle residential service calls or large-scale commercial and new-construction plumbing.

Last updated Feb 2026 · Based on Bureau of Labor Statistics — Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters occupational data (2024-2025), Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association (PHCC) — contractor cost benchmarks and industry reports, State plumbing board licensing requirements and fee schedules (multi-state survey)

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Where This Data Comes From

Bureau of Labor Statistics — Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters occupational data (2024-2025)
Plumbing-Heating-Cooling Contractors Association (PHCC) — contractor cost benchmarks and industry reports
State plumbing board licensing requirements and fee schedules (multi-state survey)
Plumbing supply house pricing (Ferguson, HD Supply, Wolseley) for tools and equipment

All figures are estimates based on publicly available data and industry benchmarks. Actual costs vary by location, timing, and business decisions.

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